The formula of discovery. Theoretically grounded and experimentally confirmed the existence of previously unknown water nanoparticles with properties of generation of the electrostatic field unlimited in time. These particles consist of two water clusters, one of which contains the hydrogen cation (H+), and the other contains the hydroxyl anion (HO-). These ions are the source of the field that generates nanoparticles. Given the leading role of ions in the formation of nanoparticles, it is legitimate to call them ionic water dipoles.
Water consists of a liquid component (hereinafter liquid water) and solid-state associations of water molecules called water clusters. [1,2] Water clusters are nano- scale associations of water molecules that contain a positive or negative electric charge or are electrically neutral. [3] The unique property of water clusters containing ions is the unrestricted generation of an electrostatic field. Such generation is a characteristic feature of electrets. [4 ]
Electrets are solid-state dielectrics and semiconductors that acquire the ability to generate a strong electrostatic field for a long time (months to years). [4] A very weak electric current flows along the gradient of electric field strength, the force and direction of its flow varies with a slow rise in temperature (thermostimulated current). This current, along with the long-term generation of the electrostatic field, are characteristic properties of electrets.
The electret state of water clusters can be explained by the ion theory of electrets. [5] The brief content of this theory is as follows. The water molecule absorbs an energy quantum sufficient to ionize its constituent hydrogen (H) and hydroxyl (OH) (12.6 eV), to break their bond in the molecule (5.0 eV), and also to shift the hydrogen cation (H+) and the hydroxyl anion (HO-) in opposite directions. The quantum of energy, consisting of these quantities, will later be called a large quantum.
Large quanta enter the water from near-Earth radiation background. This background is formed as a result of the transformation in the Earth's atmosphere of the energy of galactic cosmic rays and solar radiation. In addition, large quanta are formed as a result of fluctuations in the thermal, chemical, electromagnetic, magnetic, and other types of energy. [6]
Due to the absorption of a large quantum of energy by the water molecule, its electrolytic dissociation occurs and free ions are formed: the hydrogen cation (+ H) and the hydroxyl anion (-OH). These ions instantly (10-9 s) are attached to the nearest molecules of water. As a result, ion-molecular complexes (complex ions) are formed. These complexes have the following composition: +H×H2O, called the hydroxonium ion, and -OH×H2O, which can be called hydroxyl hydrate. [7] These complex ions form pairs due to mutual attraction, each of which contains both a negative and a positive elementary electric charge. (Figure 1) Consequently, the anion-cation pair is a supramolecular structure on opposite sides of which there are unlike elementary electric charges. This structure can be rightly called the ion dipole.
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ß----------+
ß----------+
Figure 1. The lines of force and the ion dipole field strength vector.
In the spherical zone around the formed complex ions (-OH×H2O and +H×H2O), an electrostatic field is instantaneously established, whose strength at a distance of 0.1 nm from the elementary electric charge is of the order of 109 V / m and decreases with increasing distance inversely proportional to the second degree. [8]
It has been experimentally established that liquid water under the action of an electrostatic field whose intensity is of the order of 105 V / m and greater, transforms into a solid state at room temperature. [9] It follows that the water that is in the spherical zone around the hydroxonium cation (+H×H2O) and in the spherical zone around the hydroxyl hydrate anion -OH×H2O), is in the solid state. Due to this, these complex ions acquire solid hydrate shells whose structure and properties are similar to the structure and properties of bound water.
In 2014, American scientists discovered a water cluster that consists of 21 molecules, contains a hydronium cation and has a relatively high mechanical strength and high thermal stability. [10]
Experimental detection of water clusters containing hydronium cations in water is evidence of the existence of clusters containing hydroxyl hydrate anions in water, since these complex ions are formed simultaneously as a result of the dissociation of a water molecule. [7]
The theoretically grounded existence of ion dipoles in water and the actually existing water clusters containing hydronium cation in it allow us to state that in the water there are previously unknown nanoparticles called ion dipoles.
A unique property of an ion dipole is that it does not have an electrostatic field that is limited in time. The mechanism of this generation is described in the ion theory of the electret state of water. [5] The processes underlying this device are as follows.
Due to the internal energy, the complex ions of hydroxonium and hydroxide hydrate perform translational, rotational and oscillatory movements in the ion dipole. In the case of the reciprocal translational motion of the complex ions +H×H2O and -OH×H2O, they approach each other by a distance smaller than the Debye radius. As a result, their recombination takes place and three molecules of water are formed. In this case, a large energy quantum is extracted, which was expended on the dissociation of the water molecule. This quantum is absorbed by one of the molecules of the hydration shell of the ion dipole, i.e. there is a relay transfer of a large quantum within the ion dipole. This produces a cation-anion pair, as described above. Consequently, in the ion dipole, the cation-anion pair is killed and the cation-anion pair is reconstituted. Due to this, the ion dipole generates an electric field indefinitely in time.
Between the moment of formation and the moment of death of the cation-anion pair in the ion dipole, the time takes place during which the hydroxonium cation coalesces with the hydroxide hydrate anion and the generation of the electric and magnetic fields that occur. This time, which is calculated from the Maxwellian free-charge relaxation equation, has a value of 2×10-5 seconds.1) Consequently, in an ion dipole, two hundred thousand cation-anion pairs are formed and die within a second. This corresponds to the number of changes in the hydration shell of the ion dipole per second.
On the basis of the described processes, it can be stated that the ion dipole is a dynamic supramolecular structure that is characterized by the long-term generation of a strong electrostatic field. This property and the nanometric dimension make it possible to identify the ion dipole as a previously unknown nanoparticle of matter.
1) The time of the Maxwellian relaxation of a free charge, calculated from the formula τ = εοε / γ, is equal to Tm = 10-11× 2×10 / 10-5 = 2×10-5 seconds. The values in the formula are: ε0 - DIELECTRIC permeability of VACUUM, ε - DIELECTRIC permeability of the water cluster, equal to 20, and γ its specific electric conductivity, equal to 10-5 Ohm. see [5]
A necessary condition for the vital activity of cells is the ordered movement in their volume of subcellular elements. [11,12] At present, the question remains of the motive force for the expedient movement of hydrated molecules of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates and water in the cell, as well as their supramolecular structures. In the monograph: Ion theory of the electret state of water, it is shown that such a force is the electrostatic field, which is generated by ion dipoles of water. [5, chapter 3]
Kulin Eugene Trofimovich
Contact email: annaminsk@aol.com
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Minsk, Belarus
June 2018
